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CAL-PEP ; Caledonian Peptides
Problem abstract. Scotland’s seafood sector generates an estimated 40–60% of landed fish mass as processing by-product — heads, frames, viscera, skin — currently directed to fishmeal, low-grade fertiliser, or landfill. These streams contain collagen, gelatin, and short-chain peptides with documented antioxidant, antimicrobial, and ACE-inhibitory activity in the peer-reviewed literature. The technical question is not whether bioactive peptides exist in the waste, but whether selective enzymatic hydrolysis and downstream fractionation can deliver characterised sequences at price points justified by their bioactivity — a one-to-three order-of-magnitude value uplift from commodity protein, contingent on the regulatory pathway (food, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, therapeutic) chosen for each target peptide.
Nitrogen Fixing
Problem abstract. Ammonia synthesis via the Haber-Bosch process consumes ~1–2% of global energy and emits ~1.4% of global CO₂ — almost entirely because the hydrogen feedstock is currently produced from natural gas via steam-methane reforming. The chemistry is 113 years old, centralised, and structurally fossil-coupled, with no commercial route yet able to displace it at the ~185 Mt-per-year global scale. Two emerging pathways aim to decouple ammonia from fossil hydrogen entirely: Both are demonstrated at TRL 3–4 in academic groups ; neither yet competes on selectivity or energy efficiency at industrial scale.
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